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Τι (ποιος) είναι moral decay - ορισμός
![''[[Pornocrates]]'' by [[Félicien Rops]] (1878)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Félicien Rops - Pornokratès - 1878.jpg?width=200 "''[[Pornocrates]]'' by [[Félicien Rops]] (1878)")
![[[Jacques Barzun]], author of ''[[From Dawn to Decadence]]''](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Jacques barzun.jpg?width=200 "[[Jacques Barzun]], author of ''[[From Dawn to Decadence]]''")
![''Romans during the Decadence'', by [[Thomas Couture]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/THOMAS COUTURE - Los Romanos de la Decadencia (Museo de Orsay, 1847. Óleo sobre lienzo, 472 x 772 cm).jpg?width=200 "''Romans during the Decadence'', by [[Thomas Couture]]")
![W boson]] to create a [[down quark]] and [[electron neutrino]]. Two diagrams comprise the leading (second) order, though as a [[virtual particle]], the type (and charge) of the W-boson is indistinguishable.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Electron-capture.svg?width=200 "W boson]] to create a [[down quark]] and [[electron neutrino]]. Two diagrams comprise the leading (second) order, though as a [[virtual particle]], the type (and charge) of the W-boson is indistinguishable.")
![W boson+}} boson]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Electron Capture Decay.svg?width=200 "W boson+}} boson]]")
In nuclear physics, beta decay (β-decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta particle (fast energetic electron or positron) is emitted from an atomic nucleus, transforming the original nuclide to an isobar of that nuclide. For example, beta decay of a neutron transforms it into a proton by the emission of an electron accompanied by an antineutrino; or, conversely a proton is converted into a neutron by the emission of a positron with a neutrino in so-called positron emission. Neither the beta particle nor its associated (anti-)neutrino exist within the nucleus prior to beta decay, but are created in the decay process. By this process, unstable atoms obtain a more stable ratio of protons to neutrons. The probability of a nuclide decaying due to beta and other forms of decay is determined by its nuclear binding energy. The binding energies of all existing nuclides form what is called the nuclear band or valley of stability. For either electron or positron emission to be energetically possible, the energy release (see below) or Q value must be positive.
Beta decay is a consequence of the weak force, which is characterized by relatively lengthy decay times. Nucleons are composed of up quarks and down quarks, and the weak force allows a quark to change its flavour by emission of a W boson leading to creation of an electron/antineutrino or positron/neutrino pair. For example, a neutron, composed of two down quarks and an up quark, decays to a proton composed of a down quark and two up quarks.
Electron capture is sometimes included as a type of beta decay, because the basic nuclear process, mediated by the weak force, is the same. In electron capture, an inner atomic electron is captured by a proton in the nucleus, transforming it into a neutron, and an electron neutrino is released.
![The pattern of [[weak isospin]]s, [[weak hypercharge]]s, and [[color charge]]s for particles in the [[Georgi–Glashow model]]. Here, a proton, consisting of two up quarks and a down, decays into a pion, consisting of an up and anti-up, and a positron, via an X boson with electric charge −<sup>4</sup>''/''<sub>3</sub>.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Proton decay.svg?width=200 "The pattern of [[weak isospin]]s, [[weak hypercharge]]s, and [[color charge]]s for particles in the [[Georgi–Glashow model]]. Here, a proton, consisting of two up quarks and a down, decays into a pion, consisting of an up and anti-up, and a positron, via an X boson with electric charge −<sup>4</sup>''/''<sub>3</sub>.")
Βικιπαίδεια
The word decadence, which at first meant simply "decline" in an abstract sense, is now most often used to refer to a perceived decay in standards, morals, dignity, religious faith, honour, discipline, or skill at governing among the members of the elite of a very large social structure, such as an empire or nation state. By extension, it may refer to a decline in art, literature, science, technology, and work ethics, or (very loosely) to self-indulgent behavior.
Usage of the term sometimes implies moral censure, or an acceptance of the idea, met with throughout the world since ancient times, that such declines are objectively observable and that they inevitably precede the destruction of the society in question; for this reason, modern historians use it with caution. The word originated in Medieval Latin (dēcadentia), appeared in 16th-century French, and entered English soon afterwards. It bore the neutral meaning of decay, decrease, or decline until the late 19th century, when the influence of new theories of social degeneration contributed to its modern meaning.
The idea that a society or institution is declining is called declinism. This is the predisposition, caused by cognitive biases such as rosy retrospection, to view the past more favourably and future more negatively. Declinism has been described as "a trick of the mind" and as "an emotional strategy, something comforting to snuggle up to when the present day seems intolerably bleak." Other factors contributing to declinism include the reminiscence bump as well as both the positivity effect and negativity bias.
In literature, the Decadent movement—late nineteenth century fin de siècle writers who were associated with Symbolism or the Aesthetic movement—was first given its name by hostile critics. Later it was triumphantly adopted by some of the writers themselves. The Decadents praised artifice over nature and sophistication over simplicity, defying contemporary discourses of decline by embracing subjects and styles that their critics considered morbid and over-refined. Some of these writers were influenced by the tradition of the Gothic novel and by the poetry and fiction of Edgar Allan Poe.
